CD Roms
The basic arrangements for entries is:
Name of CD ROM, computer package used, creator (publisher),
city of publication, date of publication.
Example:
Adobe PageMaker for Windows, CD ROM, Adobe press, Indianapolis,
1995.
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Internet
When material found online is obviously pre-published, that
is it is clearly referenced as an extract or a complete
version of a printed work (book,article,paper etc.),then a
distinction should be made between this pre-published material
and material created for the purposes of publication on the
Internet site.
Suggested format for references to material created for
publication on the Internet site:
author, title of site, page number (in italics) (if given),
date of creation or last update, agency that mantains the
site, Internet address or URL, date site accessed (in brackets).
Note: To find when the site was last updated go to View >
Document Info.
Example for material created for publication on the Internet
site:
NASA Volcanology Team. What volcanic phenomena do we study
using remote sensing. January 1997, http://www.geo.edu/eos/phenom.html
(11 October 1999)
Suggested format for references to pre-published material
found on the Internet site:
author, title of work (book, article, paper etc.), publisher,
year of publication (if given): online (write the word), page
number of site (if given), Internet address or URL, date site
accessed (in brackets).
Example for pre-published material on the Internet site:
Triall, J.T.,Trials and tribulations, Coventry Press,1993:
online, http://www. uts.edu/uap/trial.htm (26 June 1999)
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) sites
Bruckman, Amy. "Approaches to managing deviant behaviour
in virtual communities." January 1996: online, fttp://ftp.media.mit.edu/pub/asb/paper/deviance-chi94
(1 January 1997)
Gopher sites
"Coca-cola world."December1997: online, gopher/Carnegie Mellon
University/english-server.hss.cmu.edu/Cultural theory/Friedman
- World of Coca Cola ( 1 March 1998)
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Email/Listservs/Newsgroups
E-MAIL AND LISTSERVS/NEWSLISTS
Personal e-mail
Basic form: Sender (Sender's E-mail address).(Date
sent). Subject of message. Email to recipient
(Recipient's E-mail address)
Example:
Day, Martha (MDAY@sage.uvm.edu). (1995, July 30). Review
of film. E-mail to Xia Li (XLI@moose.uvm.edu).
Listservs/Newslists
Nathalia Secondary College. "2nd Rap Points for LMT." Lmt@qut.edu.au
(28 May 1996)
996)
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Books
Example : one author
Allport, John (1995) The Nature of Politics. Doubleday
Anchor : New York.
Clark, C.M.H. (1962) A History of Australia. 3 vols,
vol.1, Melbourne University Press: Melbourne.
Hobsbawn, E.T. (1989) Industry and Development. Penguin:
Melbourne.
-------------------- (1990) Developing Economics.
Sydney University Press: Sydney.
Note : In the consecutive reference to the same author,
the surname may be replaced in the second entry by a dash.
Note : The underlined title of the book may be replaced
by italics.
Example : two authors
Stevenson, G.W. & Tytgat, G.N.J. (1992) Diagnostic
imaging of AIDS. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.
Example : more than two authors
Hay,I., Bochner,D., Dungey,C. & Sievers,K. (1996) AIDS
and HIV testing. Sydney: Someday Press.
Example : six or more authors
Winston,B.L., Reinhart,M.L., Sacker,K.L., Gottlieb,W., Oscar,B.B.,
& Harris,D.P., (1983)
Counselling guidelines in human biology. Sydney: AGPS.
Example : book, no author
Counselling guidelines for HIV testing. (1995) Ottawa:
Canadian Medical Association.
Example : book, no author, edited
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.).
(1993) Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster
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Magazines
Basic form: Author's name. (Publication date) Title
of the article, (for article title use capital letters for
the important words). The title of the journal, underlined.
Volume number (Issue number) Month or season of publication
if provided: Page number.
Example :
Nix, J.P. (1995) Bibliography of Farm Management, Journal
of the Farm Management Association.
1 (Issue 6) Winter: 1-56.
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Newspapers Articles Online
Newspaper Clippings:
Basic form:
Author's name (not always available). Year Date, "Headline"
Publication (in italics or underlined), publication date,
page number.
Example:
Gratten, M. (1987),"Hawke’s Demise",The Age, 13 Aug., p.14.
Articles Online: When citing an article from Articles
Online follow the example given for magazine articles.
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Diagrams
There are 2 ways to cite diagrams:
1. If the diagram is attributed to an author and has
a title:
Example:
Nix, J.P."Southern blotting" in Walters, F.T. 1995. Bibliography
of Genetic Techniques. Argus Books : New York.
2. If the diagram does not have a title and author
beneath it, cite the reference as a book.
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Government Publications
One of the major problems of citation and quotation arises
from the variety of official, semi-government agencies. Usually
these may be cited by giving the name of the ministry or agency
issuing the publication or report. Example:
Ministry of Transport (1987) Rural Bus Services: Report of
the Committee. London.
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Pamphlets
Many organisations and governments distribute information
to the public. Such publications rarely show the authors or
date of publication. When referencing, show the organisation
as the author, the approximate date if the date is not shown,
the title, the organisation as the publisher and the location
of the publisher.
Example:
Capricornia Electricity (1995) Water heating. Capricornia
Electricity, Rockhampton.
or
Capricornia Electricity (c. 1995) Water heating. Capricornia
Electricity, Rockhampton.
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Published Interviews
If the interview lacks a title, a description of the interview
is given in brackets. If the interview has a title, include
the title (without quotation marks) after the year, and then
give a further description in brackets if necessary.
The entry should follow the format of the original source
of the interview ( in this case, a journal article with one
author)
Example:
Archer, N. (1993). [ Interview with Helen Burns, author of
Sense and Perception.] Journal of Sensory Studies, 21, pp.
211-216.
Unpublished interviews
These do not require a reference page entry because they
are "personal communications" and so do not provide recoverable
data. Include these references in the text of your document
according to the following format.
Example:
(N. Archer, personal interview, October 11, 1993)
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Non print media
Video
For many television documentaries, videocassettes or audiocassettes,
there will be no clear author. In such cases give :
Title (format) date,Production Company,Place,Producer.
Example: videorecording
My life with Willow (video recording) (1990), Richie
Video, New South Wales, Producer Helen Dimedenko.
or
Craig,M. (1999),Valuation problems on mining leases,
(videotape) Beef Producers Association, Rockhampton
In-text: In the body of the essay, refer to it as:
(My life with Willow, 1990)
or
(Craig, 1999)
Television Programs
For a program series on television, the series is shown within
single quotation marks, maximal capitalisation and not in
italic. Where programs in the series have individual titles,
show individual titles as sub-titles to the series title.
For individual programs not part of a series, the title is
shown with no quotation marks, maximal capitalisation and
in italic. Commas are placed before and after the title. The
year of production shows when the program was originally produced.
This may be difficult to obtain for television programs, especially
when they are repeated. In such cases, place (n.d.)in the
year of publication.
Example : television program (series)
Bronowski,J. (n.d.), 'The Ascent of Man: The Music of the
Spheres', ABC TV, 13 June 1996, British Broadcasting Commission,
London. or : off-air recordings from broadcaster:
Channel Ten. (1998) Cutting edge: Neighbours. Off-air recording.
4 May 1998. Video.
Cassette tapes /CD: Example : author
Waits, Tom (1985), Blue Valentine, Asylum Records, Oakland
California, cassette 61180-4.
or : Cassette tapes (series)
Clark, T. (1999),'Needs Analysis and Flexible Learning',(audio
cassette) no. 27, Flexible Learning Institute, Darwin.
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In - text Reference
All statements, opinions, conclusions etc.taken from another
writer's work should be acknowledged, whether the work is
directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised.
In the Harvard system, cited publications are referred
to in the text by giving the author's surname and
the year of the publication in the following forms :
This apparently was not the case in seventeenth
century England (On travelling to London 1683)
